Old page wikitext, before the edit (old_wikitext) | '{{short description|Creation of standards and the technical drawings}}
{{distinguish|text=[[Technical draw]], a boxing term}}{{Technical drawings|expanded=Types}}
[[File:Drafter at work.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Drafter]] at work]]
[[File:Bundesarchiv B 145 Bild-F038800-0010, Wolfsburg, VW Autowerk.jpg|thumb|Copying technical drawings in 1973]]
'''Technical drawing''', '''drafting''' or '''drawing''', is the act and [[Academic discipline|discipline]] of composing [[Plan (drawing)|drawings]] that [[Visual communication|visually communicate]] how something functions or is constructed.
Technical drawing is essential for communicating ideas in [[Manufacturing|industry]] and [[engineering]].
To make the drawings easier to understand, people use familiar [[symbols]], [[Perspective (graphical)|perspectives]], [[units of measurement]], [[notation]] systems, visual styles, and [[page layout]]. Together, such [[Convention (norm)|conventions]] constitute a [[visual language]] and help to ensure that the drawing is [[unambiguous]] and relatively easy to understand. Many of the symbols and principles of technical drawing are codified in an [[international standard]] called [[ISO 128]].
The need for precise communication in the preparation of a functional document distinguishes technical drawing from the expressive drawing of the [[visual arts]]. Artistic drawings are subjectively interpreted; their meanings are multiply determined. Technical drawings are understood to have one intended meaning.<ref name="g2000p3">{{cite book |title=Technical Drawing |edition=Fourth |last1=Goetsch |first1=David L. |last2=Chalk |first2=William S. |last3=Nelson |first3=John A. |year=2000 |publisher=Delmar Learning |series=Delmar Technical Graphics Series |location=[[Albany, New York|Albany]] |isbn=978-0-7668-0531-6 |oclc=39756434 |page=3 }}</ref>
A [[drafter]], draftsperson, or draughtsman is a person who makes a [[drawing]] (technical or expressive). A professional drafter who makes technical drawings is sometimes called a drafting technician.
==Methods==
===Sketching===
[[File:Architekturskizze Verwaltungsgebäude Biel.jpg|thumb|right|[[Sketch (drawing)|Sketch]] for a government building]]
A [[Sketch (drawing)|sketch]] is a quickly executed, freehand drawing that is usually not intended as a finished work. In general, sketching is a quick way to record an idea for later use. Architect's sketches primarily serve as a way to try out different ideas and establish a composition before a more finished work, especially when the finished work is expensive and time-consuming.
Architectural sketches, for example, are a kind of [[diagram]]s.<ref name="BoCo04">Richard Boland and Fred Collopy (2004). ''Managing as designing''. Stanford University Press, 2004. {{ISBN|0-8047-4674-5}}, p.69.</ref> These sketches, like [[metaphor]]s, are used by architects as a means of communication in aiding design collaboration. This tool helps architects to abstract attributes of hypothetical provisional design solutions and summarize their complex patterns, thereby enhancing the design process.<ref name="BoCo04"/>
===Manual or by instrument===
[[File:Zeichenmaschine.jpg|thumb|left|A drafting table]]
[[File:Technical drawing instruments 1.jpg|thumb|right|Old-fashioned technical drawing instruments]]
[[File:Stencils01.jpg|thumb|right|Stencils for lettering technical drawings to DIN standards]]
The basic drafting procedure is to place a piece of paper (or other material) on a smooth surface with right-angle corners and straight sides—typically a [[drawing board]]. A sliding [[straightedge]] known as a [[T-square]] is then placed on one of the sides, allowing it to be slid across the side of the table, and over the surface of the paper.
"Parallel lines" can be drawn by moving the T-square and running a pencil or [[technical pen]] along the T-square's edge. The T-square is used to hold other devices such as [[set square]]s or triangles. In this case, the drafter places one or more triangles of known angles on the T-square — which is itself at right angles to the edge of the table — and can then draw lines at any chosen angle to others on the page. Modern drafting tables are equipped with a [[drafting machine]] that is supported on both sides of the table to slide over a large piece of paper. Because it is secured on both sides, lines drawn along the edge are guaranteed to be parallel.<ref>{{cite book|last=Bhatt|first=N.D|title=Machine Drawing|publisher=Charotar Publication}}</ref>
The drafter uses several [[technical drawing tools]] to draw curves and circles. Primary among these are the [[Compass (drafting)|compasses]], used for drawing arcs and circles, and the [[French curve]], for drawing curves. A [[Flat spline|spline]] is a rubber coated articulated metal that can be manually bent to most curves.
Drafting templates assist the drafter with creating recurring objects in a drawing without having to reproduce the object from scratch every time. This is especially useful when using common symbols; i.e. in the context of [[stagecraft]], a lighting designer will draw from the [[USITT]] standard library of lighting fixture symbols to indicate the position of a common fixture across multiple positions. Templates are sold commercially by a number of vendors, usually customized to a specific task, but it is also not uncommon for a drafter to create his own templates.
This basic drafting system requires an accurate table and constant attention to the positioning of the tools. A common error is to allow the triangles to push the top of the T-square down slightly, thereby throwing off all angles. Even tasks as simple as drawing two angled lines meeting at a point require a number of moves of the T-square and triangles, and in general, drafting can be a time-consuming process.
A solution to these problems was the introduction of the mechanical "drafting machine", an application of the [[pantograph]] (sometimes referred to incorrectly as a "pentagraph" in these situations) which allowed the drafter to have an accurate right angle at any point on the page quickly. These machines often included the ability to change the angle, hence removing the need for the triangles.
In addition to the mastery of the mechanics of drawing lines, arcs and circles (and text) onto a piece of paper—with respect to the detailing of physical objects—the drafting effort requires a thorough understanding of geometry, [[trigonometry]] and spatial comprehension, and in all cases demands precision and accuracy, and attention to detail of high order.
Although drafting is sometimes accomplished by a project engineer, architect, or shop personnel (such as a [[machinist]]), skilled drafters (and/or designers) usually accomplish the task, and are always in demand to some degree.
===Computer aided design===
{{Main article|Computer-aided design|Product and manufacturing information}}
Today, the mechanics of the drafting task have largely been automated and accelerated through the use of [[computer-aided design]] systems (CAD).
There are two types of computer-aided design systems used for the production of technical drawings: [[2D computer graphics|two dimensions]] ("2D") and [[3D computer graphics|three dimensions]] ("3D").
[[File:Construction drawing autocad.jpg|thumb|right|An example of a drawing drafted in [[AutoCAD]]]]
2D CAD systems such as [[AutoCAD]] or [[MicroStation]] replace the paper drawing discipline. The lines, circles, arcs, and curves are created within the software. It is down to the technical drawing skill of the user to produce the drawing. There is still much scope for error in the drawing when producing first and third angle [[orthographic projection]]s, auxiliary projections and [[Multiview orthographic projection#Section|cross-section view]]s. A 2D CAD system is merely an electronic drawing board. Its greatest strength over direct to paper technical drawing is in the making of revisions. Whereas in a conventional hand drawn technical drawing, if a mistake is found, or a modification is required, a new drawing must be made from scratch, the 2D CAD system allows a copy of the original to be modified, saving considerable time. 2D CAD systems can be used to create plans for large projects such as buildings and aircraft but provide no way to check the various components will fit together.
[[Image:cad crank.jpg|thumb|left|View of a CAD model of a four-[[Cylinder (engine)|cylinder]] [[Straight engine|inline]] [[crankshaft]] with [[piston]]s]]
A 3D CAD system (such as [[KeyCreator]], [[Autodesk Inventor]], or [[SolidWorks]]) first produces the geometry of the part; the technical drawing comes from user defined views of that geometry. Any orthographic, projected or sectioned view is created by the software. There is no scope for error in the production of these views. The main scope for error comes in setting the parameter of first or third angle projection and displaying the relevant symbol on the technical drawing. 3D CAD allows individual parts to be assembled together to represent the final product. Buildings, aircraft, ships, and cars are modelled, assembled, and checked in 3D before technical drawings are released for manufacture.
Both 2D and 3D CAD systems can be used to produce technical drawings for any discipline. The various disciplines (electrical, electronic, pneumatic, hydraulic, etc.) have industry recognized symbols to represent common components.
[[British Standards|BS]] and [[ISO]] produce standards to show recommended practices but it is up to individuals to produce the drawings to a standard. There is no definitive standard for layout or style. The only standard across engineering workshop drawings is in the creation of orthographic projections and cross-section views.
In representing complex, three-dimensional objects in two-dimensional drawings, the objects can be described by at least one view plus material thickness note, 2, 3 or as many views and sections that are required to show all features of object.
{{Clear}}
==Applications==
{{See also|List of computer-aided manufacturing software}}
===Architecture===
[[File:Architect Anthony Murphy working on a kitchen renovation project in New Jersey.jpg|thumb|upright|To plan a renovation, this architect takes measurements he will later enter into his [[computer-aided design]] system.]]
{{Main article|Architectural drawing}}
{{See also|Building information modeling}}
The art and design that goes into making buildings is known as [[architecture]]. To communicate all aspects of the shape or design, detail drawings are used. In this field, the term ''[[Plan (drawing)|plan]]'' is often used when referring to the full section view of these drawings as viewed from three feet above finished floor to show the locations of doorways, windows, stairwells, etc.<ref>Jefferis, Alan; Madsen, David (2005), Architectural Drafting and Design (5th ed.), Clifton Park, NY: Delmar Cengage Learning, {{ISBN|1-4018-6715-4}}</ref> Architectural drawings describe and document an architect's design.<ref>Goetsch et al. (2000) p. 792</ref>
{{Clear left}}
===Engineering===
{{Main article|Engineering drawing}}
{{See also|Mechanical engineering}}
Engineering can be a very broad term. It stems from the Latin ''ingenerare'', meaning "to create".<ref>Lieu, Dennis K; Sorby, Sheryl (2009), ''Visualization, Modeling, and Graphics for Engineering Design'' (1st ed.), Clifton Park, NY: Delmar Cengage Learning, {{ISBN|978-1-4018-4249-9}}, pp. 1–2</ref> Because this could apply to everything that humans create, it is given a narrower definition in the context of technical drawing. Engineering drawings generally deal with mechanical engineered items, such as manufactured parts and equipment.
[[File:DIN 69893 hsk 63a drawing.png|thumb|left|[[Engineering drawing]] of a [[machine tool]] part]]
Engineering drawings are usually created in accordance with standardized conventions for layout, nomenclature, interpretation, appearance (such as [[typeface]]s and line styles), size, etc.
Its purpose is to accurately and unambiguously capture all the geometric features of a product or a component. The end goal of an engineering drawing is to convey all the required information that will allow a manufacturer to produce that component.
=== Software engineering ===
[[Software engineering]] practitioners make use of diagrams for designing software. Formal standards and [[modelling language]]s such as [[Unified Modelling Language]] (UML) exist but most diagramming happens using informal ad hoc diagrams that illustrate a [[conceptual model]].<ref name="Baltes 530–541">{{Cite book|last1=Baltes|first1=Sebastian|last2=Diehl|first2=Stephan|title=Proceedings of the 22nd ACM SIGSOFT International Symposium on Foundations of Software Engineering |chapter=Sketches and diagrams in practice |date=2014-11-11|chapter-url=https://doi.org/10.1145/2635868.2635891|series=FSE 2014|location=Hong Kong, China|publisher=Association for Computing Machinery|pages=530–541|doi=10.1145/2635868.2635891|isbn=978-1-4503-3056-5|arxiv=1706.09172|s2cid=2436333 }}</ref>
Practitioners reported that diagramming helped with analysing [[Requirements analysis|requirements]],<ref name="Baltes 530–541"/>{{Rp|539}} design, [[refactoring]], documentation, [[onboarding]], communication with stake holders.<ref name=":0">{{Citation|last1=Cherubini|first1=Mauro|date=2007-04-29|url=https://doi.org/10.1145/1240624.1240714|work=Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems|pages=557–566|place=New York, NY, US|publisher=Association for Computing Machinery|doi=10.1145/1240624.1240714|isbn=978-1-59593-593-9|access-date=2021-09-08|last2=Venolia|first2=Gina|last3=DeLine|first3=Rob|last4=Ko|first4=Amy J.|title=Let's go to the whiteboard: How and why software developers use drawings |s2cid=6604218 }}</ref>{{Rp|560}} Diagrams are often transient or redrawn as required. Redrawn diagrams can act as a form of shared understanding in a team.<ref name=":0" />{{Rp|561}}
{{Clear}}
==Related fields==
===Technical illustration===
[[File:Drum set.svg|thumb|[[Technical illustration|Illustration]] of a drum set]]
{{Main article|Technical illustration}}
''Technical illustration'' is the use of [[illustration]] to visually communicate information of a technical nature. Technical illustrations can be component technical drawings or [[diagram]]s. The aim of technical illustration is "to generate expressive [[image]]s that effectively convey certain [[information]] via the visual channel to the human observer".<ref name="ViGr05">Ivan Viola and Meister E. Gröller (2005). "Smart Visibility in Visualization". In: ''Computational Aesthetics in Graphics, Visualization and Imaging''. L. Neumann et al. (Ed.)</ref>
The main purpose of technical illustration is to describe or explain these items to a more or less nontechnical audience. The visual image should be accurate in terms of dimensions and proportions, and should provide "an overall impression of what an object is or does, to enhance the viewer's interest and understanding".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.industriegrafik.com/TIE1.htm |title=The Role of the Technical Illustrator in Industry |date=15 June 2002 |website=industriegrafik.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090814125052/http://www.industriegrafik.com/TIE1.htm |archive-date=14 August 2009 |url-status=dead |access-date=15 February 2009}}</ref>
According to Viola (2005), "illustrative techniques are often designed in a way that even a person with no technical understanding clearly understands the piece of art. The use of varying line widths to emphasize mass, proximity, and scale helped to make a simple line drawing more understandable to the lay person. Cross hatching, stippling, and other low abstraction techniques gave greater depth and dimension to the subject matter".<ref name="ViGr05"/>
====Cutaway drawing====
[[File:1942 Nash Ambassador X-ray.jpg|thumb|[[Cutaway drawing]] of the [[Nash 600]], an American car of the 1940s]]
{{Main article|Cutaway drawing}}
A ''cutaway drawing'' is a technical illustration, in which part of the surface of a three-dimensional model is removed in order to show some of the model's interior in relation to its exterior.
The purpose of a cutaway drawing is to "allow the viewer to have a look into an otherwise solid opaque object. Instead of letting the inner object shine through the surrounding surface, parts of outside object are simply removed. This produces a visual appearance as if someone had cutout a piece of the object or sliced it into parts. Cutaway illustrations avoid ambiguities with respect to spatial ordering, provide a sharp contrast between foreground and background objects, and facilitate a good understanding of spatial ordering".<ref name="DWE03">{{cite web|url=http://www.vis.uni-stuttgart.de/~weiskopf/publications/eg2003.pdf |title=Interactive Cutaway Illustrations |last1=Diepstraten |last2=Weiskopf |last3=Ertl |first1=J. |first2=D. |first3=T. |date=2003 |website=vis.uni-stuttgart.de |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051216005911/http://www.vis.uni-stuttgart.de/~weiskopf/publications/eg2003.pdf |archive-date=16 December 2005 |url-status=dead}} in {{cite journal|journal=Eurographics |title=Eurographics 2003 |editor1-last=Brunet |editor1-first=P. |editor2-last=Fellner |editor2-first=D. |volume=22 |issue=3 |publisher=The Eurographics Association and Blackwell Publishers}}</ref>
{{Clear}}
==Technical drawings==
===Types===
The two types of technical drawings are based on [[graphical projection]].<ref name="g2000p3"/> This is used to create an image of a three-dimensional object onto a two-dimensional surface.
====Two-dimensional representation====
Two-dimensional representation uses [[orthographic projection]] to create an image where only two of the three dimensions of the object are seen.
====Three-dimensional representation====
In a three-dimensional representation, also referred to as a pictorial, all three dimensions of an object are visible.
===Views===
====Multiview====
{{Main article|Multiview orthographic projection}}
Multiview is a type of [[orthographic projection]]. There are two conventions for using multiview, first-angle and third-angle. In both cases, the front or main side of the object is the same. First-angle is drawing the object sides based on where they land. Example, looking at the front side, rotate the object 90 degrees to the right. What is seen will be drawn to the right of the front side. Third-angle is drawing the object sides based on where they are. Example, looking at the front side, rotate the object 90 degrees to the right. What is seen is actually the left side of the object and will be drawn to the left of the front side.
====Section====
While multiview relates to external surfaces of an object, [[Cross section (geometry)|section]] views show an imaginary plane cut through an object. This is often useful to show voids in an object.
====Auxiliary====
Auxiliary views utilize an additional projection plane other than the common planes in a multiview. Since the features of an object need to show the true shape and size of the object, the projection plane must be parallel to the object surface. Therefore, any surface that is not in line with the three major axis needs its own projection plane to show the features correctly.
====Pattern====
Patterns, sometimes called developments, show the size and shape of a flat piece of material needed for later bending or folding into a three-dimensional shape.<ref>Goetsch et al. (2000), p. 341</ref>
====Exploded====
{{Main article|Exploded-view drawing}}
[[Image:Gear pump exploded.svg|thumb|[[Exploded-view drawing]] of a [[gear pump]]]]
An ''exploded-view drawing'' is a technical drawing of an object that shows the relationship or order of [[manufacturing|assembly]] of the various parts.<ref name="US PTO05">{{cite web|url=http://www.uspto.gov/web/offices/pac/doc/general/#drawing |title=General Information Concerning Patents § 1.84 Standards for drawings |date=January 2005 |access-date=13 February 2009 |website=[[United States Patent and Trademark Office|USPTO.gov]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090130105045/http://www.uspto.gov/web/offices/pac/doc/general/#drawing |archive-date=30 January 2009 |url-status=dead}}</ref> It shows the components of an object slightly separated by distance or suspended in surrounding space in the case of a three-[[dimension]]al exploded diagram. An object is represented as if there had been a small controlled [[explosion]] emanating from the middle of the object, causing the object's parts to be separated relative distances away from their original locations.
An [[Exploded-view drawing|exploded view drawing]] (EVD) can show the intended assembly of mechanical or other parts. In mechanical systems, the component closest to the center is usually assembled first or is the main part inside which the other parts are assembled. The EVD can also help to represent the disassembly of parts, where those on the outside are normally removed first.<ref>Michael E. Brumbach, Jeffrey A. Clade (2003). ''Industrial Maintenance''. Cengage Learning, 2003 {{ISBN|0-7668-2695-3}}, p.65</ref>
===Standards and conventions===
====Basic drafting paper sizes====
{{Main article|Paper size}}
There have been many standard sizes of [[paper]] at different times and in different countries, but today most of the world uses the international standard (A4 and its siblings). North America uses its own sizes.
<gallery>
Image:A size illustration2 with letter and legal.svg|ISO "A series" paper sizes used in most countries of the world
Image:ANSI size illustration.svg|ANSI paper sizes used in North America
</gallery>
===Patent drawing===
[[File:Wright brothers patent plans 1908.jpg|thumb|The [[Wright brothers]]' [[patent drawing]]s for their aeroplane (1908)]]
{{Main article|Patent drawing}}
The applicant for a [[patent]] will be required by [[law]] to furnish a [[drawing]] of the [[invention]] if or when the nature of the case requires a drawing to understand the invention with the job. This drawing must be filed with the application. This includes practically all inventions except [[wikt:composition|composition]]s of matter or [[Industrial process|process]]es, but a drawing may also be useful in the case of many processes.<ref name="US PTO05"/>
The drawing must show every feature of the invention [[specification|specified]] in the claims and is required by the [[patent office]] rules to be in a particular form. The Office specifies the size of the sheet on which the drawing is made, the type of paper, the margins, and other details relating to the making of the drawing. The reason for specifying the standards in detail is that the drawings are printed and published in a uniform style when the patent issues and the drawings must also be such that they can be readily understood by persons using the patent descriptions.<ref name="US PTO05"/>
===Sets of technical drawings===
====Working drawings for production====
[[Working drawing]]s are the set of technical drawings used during the manufacturing phase of a product.<ref>Ralph W. Liebing (1999). ''Architectural working drawings''. John Wiley and Sons, 1999. {{ISBN|0-471-34876-7}}.</ref> In architecture, these include [[civil drawing]]s, [[architectural drawing]]s, [[structural drawing]]s, [[mechanical systems drawing]]s, [[electrical drawing]]s, and [[plumbing drawing]]s.
====Assembly drawings====
Assembly drawings show how different parts go together, identify those parts by number, and have a parts list, often referred to as a bill of materials.<ref>Goetsch et al. (2000), p. 613</ref> In a technical service manual, this type of drawing may be referred to as an [[exploded view drawing]] or diagram.
These parts may be used in engineering.
====As-fitted drawings====
Also called ''As-Built drawings'' or ''As-made drawings''. '''As-fitted drawings''' represent a record of the completed works, literally 'as fitted'. These are based upon the ''working drawings'' and updated to reflect any changes or alterations undertaken during construction or manufacture.<ref name="BusinessDictionary.com 2017">{{cite web|title=as-built drawings| website=BusinessDictionary.com | date=2017-12-26 | url=http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/as-built-drawings.html | access-date=2018-01-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171203090423/http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/as-built-drawings.html |archive-date=3 December 2017 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
==See also==
{{Div col}}
* [[Circuit diagram]]
* [[Linear scale]]
* [[Reprography]]
* [[Schematic diagram]]
* [[Shop drawing]]
* [[Technical communication]]
* [[Technical geography]]
* [[Technical lettering]]
* [[Specification (technical standard)]]
* [[Geometric drawing]]
{{div col end}}
==References==
{{Reflist}}
==Further reading==
* [[Peter J. Booker]] (1963). ''A History of Engineering Drawing''. London: Northgate.
* [[Franz Maria Feldhaus]] (1963). ''The History of Technical Drawing''
* Wolfgang Lefèvre ed. (2004). ''Picturing Machines 1400–1700: How technical drawings shaped early engineering practice.'' MIT Press, 2004. {{ISBN|0-262-12269-3}}
==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* [https://history.nasa.gov/diagrams/diagrams.htm Historical technical diagrams and drawings] on NASA.gov
* [http://www.cadazz.com/cad-software-history.htm A history of CAD] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090918100307/http://www.cadazz.com/cad-software-history.htm |date=18 September 2009 }}
* [http://www.draftsperson.net/index.php?title=Category:Drafting_Standards Drafting Standards]
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{visualization}}
{{Authority control}}
[[Category:Technical drawing| ]]
[[Category:Architecture occupations]]
[[Category:Engineering occupations]]
[[Category:Infographics]]' |
New page wikitext, after the edit (new_wikitext) | '===Good morning. I am under a lot of stress. Please forgive me. I want my shipments to arrive at the following address in Egypt, Cairo, Ain Shams, 6th of October Street, Ain Shams, and contact me via email. ====wilida157@gmail.com====Or contact me from within the private agents. Every shipment is mine on Raqeem ===..====01095807588=====عنوان المنزل 4 شارع حسن عرابي المرج الخصوص القاهره ==Please contact us today as soon as possible =========================
==Methods==
===Sketching===
[[File:Architekturskizze Verwaltungsgebäude Biel.jpg|thumb|right|[[Sketch (drawing)|Sketch]] for a government building]]
A [[Sketch (drawing)|sketch]] is a quickly executed, freehand drawing that is usually not intended as a finished work. In general, sketching is a quick way to record an idea for later use. Architect's sketches primarily serve as a way to try out different ideas and establish a composition before a more finished work, especially when the finished work is expensive and time-consuming.
Architectural sketches, for example, are a kind of [[diagram]]s.<ref name="BoCo04">Richard Boland and Fred Collopy (2004). ''Managing as designing''. Stanford University Press, 2004. {{ISBN|0-8047-4674-5}}, p.69.</ref> These sketches, like [[metaphor]]s, are used by architects as a means of communication in aiding design collaboration. This tool helps architects to abstract attributes of hypothetical provisional design solutions and summarize their complex patterns, thereby enhancing the design process.<ref name="BoCo04"/>
===Manual or by instrument===
[[File:Zeichenmaschine.jpg|thumb|left|A drafting table]]
[[File:Technical drawing instruments 1.jpg|thumb|right|Old-fashioned technical drawing instruments]]
[[File:Stencils01.jpg|thumb|right|Stencils for lettering technical drawings to DIN standards]]
The basic drafting procedure is to place a piece of paper (or other material) on a smooth surface with right-angle corners and straight sides—typically a [[drawing board]]. A sliding [[straightedge]] known as a [[T-square]] is then placed on one of the sides, allowing it to be slid across the side of the table, and over the surface of the paper.
"Parallel lines" can be drawn by moving the T-square and running a pencil or [[technical pen]] along the T-square's edge. The T-square is used to hold other devices such as [[set square]]s or triangles. In this case, the drafter places one or more triangles of known angles on the T-square — which is itself at right angles to the edge of the table — and can then draw lines at any chosen angle to others on the page. Modern drafting tables are equipped with a [[drafting machine]] that is supported on both sides of the table to slide over a large piece of paper. Because it is secured on both sides, lines drawn along the edge are guaranteed to be parallel.<ref>{{cite book|last=Bhatt|first=N.D|title=Machine Drawing|publisher=Charotar Publication}}</ref>
The drafter uses several [[technical drawing tools]] to draw curves and circles. Primary among these are the [[Compass (drafting)|compasses]], used for drawing arcs and circles, and the [[French curve]], for drawing curves. A [[Flat spline|spline]] is a rubber coated articulated metal that can be manually bent to most curves.
Drafting templates assist the drafter with creating recurring objects in a drawing without having to reproduce the object from scratch every time. This is especially useful when using common symbols; i.e. in the context of [[stagecraft]], a lighting designer will draw from the [[USITT]] standard library of lighting fixture symbols to indicate the position of a common fixture across multiple positions. Templates are sold commercially by a number of vendors, usually customized to a specific task, but it is also not uncommon for a drafter to create his own templates.
This basic drafting system requires an accurate table and constant attention to the positioning of the tools. A common error is to allow the triangles to push the top of the T-square down slightly, thereby throwing off all angles. Even tasks as simple as drawing two angled lines meeting at a point require a number of moves of the T-square and triangles, and in general, drafting can be a time-consuming process.
A solution to these problems was the introduction of the mechanical "drafting machine", an application of the [[pantograph]] (sometimes referred to incorrectly as a "pentagraph" in these situations) which allowed the drafter to have an accurate right angle at any point on the page quickly. These machines often included the ability to change the angle, hence removing the need for the triangles.
In addition to the mastery of the mechanics of drawing lines, arcs and circles (and text) onto a piece of paper—with respect to the detailing of physical objects—the drafting effort requires a thorough understanding of geometry, [[trigonometry]] and spatial comprehension, and in all cases demands precision and accuracy, and attention to detail of high order.
Although drafting is sometimes accomplished by a project engineer, architect, or shop personnel (such as a [[machinist]]), skilled drafters (and/or designers) usually accomplish the task, and are always in demand to some degree.
===Computer aided design===
{{Main article|Computer-aided design|Product and manufacturing information}}
Today, the mechanics of the drafting task have largely been automated and accelerated through the use of [[computer-aided design]] systems (CAD).
There are two types of computer-aided design systems used for the production of technical drawings: [[2D computer graphics|two dimensions]] ("2D") and [[3D computer graphics|three dimensions]] ("3D").
[[File:Construction drawing autocad.jpg|thumb|right|An example of a drawing drafted in [[AutoCAD]]]]
2D CAD systems such as [[AutoCAD]] or [[MicroStation]] replace the paper drawing discipline. The lines, circles, arcs, and curves are created within the software. It is down to the technical drawing skill of the user to produce the drawing. There is still much scope for error in the drawing when producing first and third angle [[orthographic projection]]s, auxiliary projections and [[Multiview orthographic projection#Section|cross-section view]]s. A 2D CAD system is merely an electronic drawing board. Its greatest strength over direct to paper technical drawing is in the making of revisions. Whereas in a conventional hand drawn technical drawing, if a mistake is found, or a modification is required, a new drawing must be made from scratch, the 2D CAD system allows a copy of the original to be modified, saving considerable time. 2D CAD systems can be used to create plans for large projects such as buildings and aircraft but provide no way to check the various components will fit together.
[[Image:cad crank.jpg|thumb|left|View of a CAD model of a four-[[Cylinder (engine)|cylinder]] [[Straight engine|inline]] [[crankshaft]] with [[piston]]s]]
A 3D CAD system (such as [[KeyCreator]], [[Autodesk Inventor]], or [[SolidWorks]]) first produces the geometry of the part; the technical drawing comes from user defined views of that geometry. Any orthographic, projected or sectioned view is created by the software. There is no scope for error in the production of these views. The main scope for error comes in setting the parameter of first or third angle projection and displaying the relevant symbol on the technical drawing. 3D CAD allows individual parts to be assembled together to represent the final product. Buildings, aircraft, ships, and cars are modelled, assembled, and checked in 3D before technical drawings are released for manufacture.
Both 2D and 3D CAD systems can be used to produce technical drawings for any discipline. The various disciplines (electrical, electronic, pneumatic, hydraulic, etc.) have industry recognized symbols to represent common components.
[[British Standards|BS]] and [[ISO]] produce standards to show recommended practices but it is up to individuals to produce the drawings to a standard. There is no definitive standard for layout or style. The only standard across engineering workshop drawings is in the creation of orthographic projections and cross-section views.
In representing complex, three-dimensional objects in two-dimensional drawings, the objects can be described by at least one view plus material thickness note, 2, 3 or as many views and sections that are required to show all features of object.
{{Clear}}
==Applications==
{{See also|List of computer-aided manufacturing software}}
===Architecture===
[[File:Architect Anthony Murphy working on a kitchen renovation project in New Jersey.jpg|thumb|upright|To plan a renovation, this architect takes measurements he will later enter into his [[computer-aided design]] system.]]
{{Main article|Architectural drawing}}
{{See also|Building information modeling}}
The art and design that goes into making buildings is known as [[architecture]]. To communicate all aspects of the shape or design, detail drawings are used. In this field, the term ''[[Plan (drawing)|plan]]'' is often used when referring to the full section view of these drawings as viewed from three feet above finished floor to show the locations of doorways, windows, stairwells, etc.<ref>Jefferis, Alan; Madsen, David (2005), Architectural Drafting and Design (5th ed.), Clifton Park, NY: Delmar Cengage Learning, {{ISBN|1-4018-6715-4}}</ref> Architectural drawings describe and document an architect's design.<ref>Goetsch et al. (2000) p. 792</ref>
{{Clear left}}
===Engineering===
{{Main article|Engineering drawing}}
{{See also|Mechanical engineering}}
Engineering can be a very broad term. It stems from the Latin ''ingenerare'', meaning "to create".<ref>Lieu, Dennis K; Sorby, Sheryl (2009), ''Visualization, Modeling, and Graphics for Engineering Design'' (1st ed.), Clifton Park, NY: Delmar Cengage Learning, {{ISBN|978-1-4018-4249-9}}, pp. 1–2</ref> Because this could apply to everything that humans create, it is given a narrower definition in the context of technical drawing. Engineering drawings generally deal with mechanical engineered items, such as manufactured parts and equipment.
[[File:DIN 69893 hsk 63a drawing.png|thumb|left|[[Engineering drawing]] of a [[machine tool]] part]]
Engineering drawings are usually created in accordance with standardized conventions for layout, nomenclature, interpretation, appearance (such as [[typeface]]s and line styles), size, etc.
Its purpose is to accurately and unambiguously capture all the geometric features of a product or a component. The end goal of an engineering drawing is to convey all the required information that will allow a manufacturer to produce that component.
=== Software engineering ===
[[Software engineering]] practitioners make use of diagrams for designing software. Formal standards and [[modelling language]]s such as [[Unified Modelling Language]] (UML) exist but most diagramming happens using informal ad hoc diagrams that illustrate a [[conceptual model]].<ref name="Baltes 530–541">{{Cite book|last1=Baltes|first1=Sebastian|last2=Diehl|first2=Stephan|title=Proceedings of the 22nd ACM SIGSOFT International Symposium on Foundations of Software Engineering |chapter=Sketches and diagrams in practice |date=2014-11-11|chapter-url=https://doi.org/10.1145/2635868.2635891|series=FSE 2014|location=Hong Kong, China|publisher=Association for Computing Machinery|pages=530–541|doi=10.1145/2635868.2635891|isbn=978-1-4503-3056-5|arxiv=1706.09172|s2cid=2436333 }}</ref>
Practitioners reported that diagramming helped with analysing [[Requirements analysis|requirements]],<ref name="Baltes 530–541"/>{{Rp|539}} design, [[refactoring]], documentation, [[onboarding]], communication with stake holders.<ref name=":0">{{Citation|last1=Cherubini|first1=Mauro|date=2007-04-29|url=https://doi.org/10.1145/1240624.1240714|work=Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems|pages=557–566|place=New York, NY, US|publisher=Association for Computing Machinery|doi=10.1145/1240624.1240714|isbn=978-1-59593-593-9|access-date=2021-09-08|last2=Venolia|first2=Gina|last3=DeLine|first3=Rob|last4=Ko|first4=Amy J.|title=Let's go to the whiteboard: How and why software developers use drawings |s2cid=6604218 }}</ref>{{Rp|560}} Diagrams are often transient or redrawn as required. Redrawn diagrams can act as a form of shared understanding in a team.<ref name=":0" />{{Rp|561}}
{{Clear}}
==Related fields==
===Technical illustration===
[[File:Drum set.svg|thumb|[[Technical illustration|Illustration]] of a drum set]]
{{Main article|Technical illustration}}
''Technical illustration'' is the use of [[illustration]] to visually communicate information of a technical nature. Technical illustrations can be component technical drawings or [[diagram]]s. The aim of technical illustration is "to generate expressive [[image]]s that effectively convey certain [[information]] via the visual channel to the human observer".<ref name="ViGr05">Ivan Viola and Meister E. Gröller (2005). "Smart Visibility in Visualization". In: ''Computational Aesthetics in Graphics, Visualization and Imaging''. L. Neumann et al. (Ed.)</ref>
The main purpose of technical illustration is to describe or explain these items to a more or less nontechnical audience. The visual image should be accurate in terms of dimensions and proportions, and should provide "an overall impression of what an object is or does, to enhance the viewer's interest and understanding".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.industriegrafik.com/TIE1.htm |title=The Role of the Technical Illustrator in Industry |date=15 June 2002 |website=industriegrafik.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090814125052/http://www.industriegrafik.com/TIE1.htm |archive-date=14 August 2009 |url-status=dead |access-date=15 February 2009}}</ref>
According to Viola (2005), "illustrative techniques are often designed in a way that even a person with no technical understanding clearly understands the piece of art. The use of varying line widths to emphasize mass, proximity, and scale helped to make a simple line drawing more understandable to the lay person. Cross hatching, stippling, and other low abstraction techniques gave greater depth and dimension to the subject matter".<ref name="ViGr05"/>
====Cutaway drawing====
[[File:1942 Nash Ambassador X-ray.jpg|thumb|[[Cutaway drawing]] of the [[Nash 600]], an American car of the 1940s]]
{{Main article|Cutaway drawing}}
A ''cutaway drawing'' is a technical illustration, in which part of the surface of a three-dimensional model is removed in order to show some of the model's interior in relation to its exterior.
The purpose of a cutaway drawing is to "allow the viewer to have a look into an otherwise solid opaque object. Instead of letting the inner object shine through the surrounding surface, parts of outside object are simply removed. This produces a visual appearance as if someone had cutout a piece of the object or sliced it into parts. Cutaway illustrations avoid ambiguities with respect to spatial ordering, provide a sharp contrast between foreground and background objects, and facilitate a good understanding of spatial ordering".<ref name="DWE03">{{cite web|url=http://www.vis.uni-stuttgart.de/~weiskopf/publications/eg2003.pdf |title=Interactive Cutaway Illustrations |last1=Diepstraten |last2=Weiskopf |last3=Ertl |first1=J. |first2=D. |first3=T. |date=2003 |website=vis.uni-stuttgart.de |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051216005911/http://www.vis.uni-stuttgart.de/~weiskopf/publications/eg2003.pdf |archive-date=16 December 2005 |url-status=dead}} in {{cite journal|journal=Eurographics |title=Eurographics 2003 |editor1-last=Brunet |editor1-first=P. |editor2-last=Fellner |editor2-first=D. |volume=22 |issue=3 |publisher=The Eurographics Association and Blackwell Publishers}}</ref>
{{Clear}}
==Technical drawings==
===Types===
The two types of technical drawings are based on [[graphical projection]].<ref name="g2000p3"/> This is used to create an image of a three-dimensional object onto a two-dimensional surface.
====Two-dimensional representation====
Two-dimensional representation uses [[orthographic projection]] to create an image where only two of the three dimensions of the object are seen.
====Three-dimensional representation====
In a three-dimensional representation, also referred to as a pictorial, all three dimensions of an object are visible.
===Views===
====Multiview====
{{Main article|Multiview orthographic projection}}
Multiview is a type of [[orthographic projection]]. There are two conventions for using multiview, first-angle and third-angle. In both cases, the front or main side of the object is the same. First-angle is drawing the object sides based on where they land. Example, looking at the front side, rotate the object 90 degrees to the right. What is seen will be drawn to the right of the front side. Third-angle is drawing the object sides based on where they are. Example, looking at the front side, rotate the object 90 degrees to the right. What is seen is actually the left side of the object and will be drawn to the left of the front side.
====Section====
While multiview relates to external surfaces of an object, [[Cross section (geometry)|section]] views show an imaginary plane cut through an object. This is often useful to show voids in an object.
====Auxiliary====
Auxiliary views utilize an additional projection plane other than the common planes in a multiview. Since the features of an object need to show the true shape and size of the object, the projection plane must be parallel to the object surface. Therefore, any surface that is not in line with the three major axis needs its own projection plane to show the features correctly.
====Pattern====
Patterns, sometimes called developments, show the size and shape of a flat piece of material needed for later bending or folding into a three-dimensional shape.<ref>Goetsch et al. (2000), p. 341</ref>
====Exploded====
{{Main article|Exploded-view drawing}}
[[Image:Gear pump exploded.svg|thumb|[[Exploded-view drawing]] of a [[gear pump]]]]
An ''exploded-view drawing'' is a technical drawing of an object that shows the relationship or order of [[manufacturing|assembly]] of the various parts.<ref name="US PTO05">{{cite web|url=http://www.uspto.gov/web/offices/pac/doc/general/#drawing |title=General Information Concerning Patents § 1.84 Standards for drawings |date=January 2005 |access-date=13 February 2009 |website=[[United States Patent and Trademark Office|USPTO.gov]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090130105045/http://www.uspto.gov/web/offices/pac/doc/general/#drawing |archive-date=30 January 2009 |url-status=dead}}</ref> It shows the components of an object slightly separated by distance or suspended in surrounding space in the case of a three-[[dimension]]al exploded diagram. An object is represented as if there had been a small controlled [[explosion]] emanating from the middle of the object, causing the object's parts to be separated relative distances away from their original locations.
An [[Exploded-view drawing|exploded view drawing]] (EVD) can show the intended assembly of mechanical or other parts. In mechanical systems, the component closest to the center is usually assembled first or is the main part inside which the other parts are assembled. The EVD can also help to represent the disassembly of parts, where those on the outside are normally removed first.<ref>Michael E. Brumbach, Jeffrey A. Clade (2003). ''Industrial Maintenance''. Cengage Learning, 2003 {{ISBN|0-7668-2695-3}}, p.65</ref>
===Standards and conventions===
====Basic drafting paper sizes====
{{Main article|Paper size}}
There have been many standard sizes of [[paper]] at different times and in different countries, but today most of the world uses the international standard (A4 and its siblings). North America uses its own sizes.
<gallery>
Image:A size illustration2 with letter and legal.svg|ISO "A series" paper sizes used in most countries of the world
Image:ANSI size illustration.svg|ANSI paper sizes used in North America
</gallery>
===Patent drawing===
[[File:Wright brothers patent plans 1908.jpg|thumb|The [[Wright brothers]]' [[patent drawing]]s for their aeroplane (1908)]]
{{Main article|Patent drawing}}
The applicant for a [[patent]] will be required by [[law]] to furnish a [[drawing]] of the [[invention]] if or when the nature of the case requires a drawing to understand the invention with the job. This drawing must be filed with the application. This includes practically all inventions except [[wikt:composition|composition]]s of matter or [[Industrial process|process]]es, but a drawing may also be useful in the case of many processes.<ref name="US PTO05"/>
The drawing must show every feature of the invention [[specification|specified]] in the claims and is required by the [[patent office]] rules to be in a particular form. The Office specifies the size of the sheet on which the drawing is made, the type of paper, the margins, and other details relating to the making of the drawing. The reason for specifying the standards in detail is that the drawings are printed and published in a uniform style when the patent issues and the drawings must also be such that they can be readily understood by persons using the patent descriptions.<ref name="US PTO05"/>
===Sets of technical drawings===
====Working drawings for production====
[[Working drawing]]s are the set of technical drawings used during the manufacturing phase of a product.<ref>Ralph W. Liebing (1999). ''Architectural working drawings''. John Wiley and Sons, 1999. {{ISBN|0-471-34876-7}}.</ref> In architecture, these include [[civil drawing]]s, [[architectural drawing]]s, [[structural drawing]]s, [[mechanical systems drawing]]s, [[electrical drawing]]s, and [[plumbing drawing]]s.
====Assembly drawings====
Assembly drawings show how different parts go together, identify those parts by number, and have a parts list, often referred to as a bill of materials.<ref>Goetsch et al. (2000), p. 613</ref> In a technical service manual, this type of drawing may be referred to as an [[exploded view drawing]] or diagram.
These parts may be used in engineering.
====As-fitted drawings====
Also called ''As-Built drawings'' or ''As-made drawings''. '''As-fitted drawings''' represent a record of the completed works, literally 'as fitted'. These are based upon the ''working drawings'' and updated to reflect any changes or alterations undertaken during construction or manufacture.<ref name="BusinessDictionary.com 2017">{{cite web|title=as-built drawings| website=BusinessDictionary.com | date=2017-12-26 | url=http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/as-built-drawings.html | access-date=2018-01-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171203090423/http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/as-built-drawings.html |archive-date=3 December 2017 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
==See also==
{{Div col}}
* [[Circuit diagram]]
* [[Linear scale]]
* [[Reprography]]
* [[Schematic diagram]]
* [[Shop drawing]]
* [[Technical communication]]
* [[Technical geography]]
* [[Technical lettering]]
* [[Specification (technical standard)]]
* [[Geometric drawing]]
{{div col end}}
==References==
{{Reflist}}
==Further reading==
* [[Peter J. Booker]] (1963). ''A History of Engineering Drawing''. London: Northgate.
* [[Franz Maria Feldhaus]] (1963). ''The History of Technical Drawing''
* Wolfgang Lefèvre ed. (2004). ''Picturing Machines 1400–1700: How technical drawings shaped early engineering practice.'' MIT Press, 2004. {{ISBN|0-262-12269-3}}
==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* [https://history.nasa.gov/diagrams/diagrams.htm Historical technical diagrams and drawings] on NASA.gov
* [http://www.cadazz.com/cad-software-history.htm A history of CAD] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090918100307/http://www.cadazz.com/cad-software-history.htm |date=18 September 2009 }}
* [http://www.draftsperson.net/index.php?title=Category:Drafting_Standards Drafting Standards]
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{visualization}}
{{Authority control}}
[[Category:Technical drawing| ]]
[[Category:Architecture occupations]]
[[Category:Engineering occupations]]
[[Category:Infographics]]' |
Parsed HTML source of the new revision (new_html) | '<div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none" /><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Good_morning._I_am_under_a_lot_of_stress._Please_forgive_me._I_want_my_shipments_to_arrive_at_the_following_address_in_Egypt,_Cairo,_Ain_Shams,_6th_of_October_Street,_Ain_Shams,_and_contact_me_via_email._====wilida157@gmail.com====Or_contact_me_from_within_the_private_agents._Every_shipment_is_mine_on_Raqeem_===..====01095807588=====عنوان_المنزل_4_شارع_حسن_عرابي_المرج_الخصوص_القاهره_==Please_contact_us_today_as_soon_as_possible_======================"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Good morning. I am under a lot of stress. Please forgive me. I want my shipments to arrive at the following address in Egypt, Cairo, Ain Shams, 6th of October Street, Ain Shams, and contact me via email. ====wilida157@gmail.com====Or contact me from within the private agents. Every shipment is mine on Raqeem ===..====01095807588=====عنوان المنزل 4 شارع حسن عرابي المرج الخصوص القاهره ==Please contact us today as soon as possible ======================</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Methods"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Methods</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Sketching"><span class="tocnumber">2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Sketching</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Manual_or_by_instrument"><span class="tocnumber">2.2</span> <span class="toctext">Manual or by instrument</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Computer_aided_design"><span class="tocnumber">2.3</span> <span class="toctext">Computer aided design</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="#Applications"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Applications</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Architecture"><span class="tocnumber">3.1</span> <span class="toctext">Architecture</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#Engineering"><span class="tocnumber">3.2</span> <span class="toctext">Engineering</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="#Software_engineering"><span class="tocnumber">3.3</span> <span class="toctext">Software engineering</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="#Related_fields"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Related fields</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="#Technical_illustration"><span class="tocnumber">4.1</span> <span class="toctext">Technical illustration</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-12"><a href="#Cutaway_drawing"><span class="tocnumber">4.1.1</span> <span class="toctext">Cutaway drawing</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-13"><a href="#Technical_drawings"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Technical drawings</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14"><a href="#Types"><span class="tocnumber">5.1</span> <span class="toctext">Types</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-15"><a href="#Two-dimensional_representation"><span class="tocnumber">5.1.1</span> <span class="toctext">Two-dimensional representation</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-16"><a href="#Three-dimensional_representation"><span class="tocnumber">5.1.2</span> <span class="toctext">Three-dimensional representation</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-17"><a href="#Views"><span class="tocnumber">5.2</span> <span class="toctext">Views</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-18"><a href="#Multiview"><span class="tocnumber">5.2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Multiview</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-19"><a href="#Section"><span class="tocnumber">5.2.2</span> <span class="toctext">Section</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-20"><a href="#Auxiliary"><span class="tocnumber">5.2.3</span> <span class="toctext">Auxiliary</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-21"><a href="#Pattern"><span class="tocnumber">5.2.4</span> <span class="toctext">Pattern</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-22"><a href="#Exploded"><span class="tocnumber">5.2.5</span> <span class="toctext">Exploded</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-23"><a href="#Standards_and_conventions"><span class="tocnumber">5.3</span> <span class="toctext">Standards and conventions</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-24"><a href="#Basic_drafting_paper_sizes"><span class="tocnumber">5.3.1</span> <span class="toctext">Basic drafting paper sizes</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-25"><a href="#Patent_drawing"><span class="tocnumber">5.4</span> <span class="toctext">Patent drawing</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-26"><a href="#Sets_of_technical_drawings"><span class="tocnumber">5.5</span> <span class="toctext">Sets of technical drawings</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-27"><a href="#Working_drawings_for_production"><span class="tocnumber">5.5.1</span> <span class="toctext">Working drawings for production</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-28"><a href="#Assembly_drawings"><span class="tocnumber">5.5.2</span> <span class="toctext">Assembly drawings</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-29"><a href="#As-fitted_drawings"><span class="tocnumber">5.5.3</span> <span class="toctext">As-fitted drawings</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-30"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-31"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-32"><a href="#Further_reading"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">Further reading</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-33"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3><span id="Good_morning._I_am_under_a_lot_of_stress._Please_forgive_me._I_want_my_shipments_to_arrive_at_the_following_address_in_Egypt.2C_Cairo.2C_Ain_Shams.2C_6th_of_October_Street.2C_Ain_Shams.2C_and_contact_me_via_email._.3D.3D.3D.3Dwilida157.40gmail.com.3D.3D.3D.3DOr_contact_me_from_within_the_private_agents._Every_shipment_is_mine_on_Raqeem_.3D.3D.3D...3D.3D.3D.3D01095807588.3D.3D.3D.3D.3D.D8.B9.D9.86.D9.88.D8.A7.D9.86_.D8.A7.D9.84.D9.85.D9.86.D8.B2.D9.84_4_.D8.B4.D8.A7.D8.B1.D8.B9_.D8.AD.D8.B3.D9.86_.D8.B9.D8.B1.D8.A7.D8.A8.D9.8A_.D8.A7.D9.84.D9.85.D8.B1.D8.AC_.D8.A7.D9.84.D8.AE.D8.B5.D9.88.D8.B5_.D8.A7.D9.84.D9.82.D8.A7.D9.87.D8.B1.D9.87_.3D.3DPlease_contact_us_today_as_soon_as_possible_.3D.3D.3D.3D.3D.3D.3D.3D.3D.3D.3D.3D.3D.3D.3D.3D.3D.3D.3D.3D.3D.3D"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Good_morning._I_am_under_a_lot_of_stress._Please_forgive_me._I_want_my_shipments_to_arrive_at_the_following_address_in_Egypt,_Cairo,_Ain_Shams,_6th_of_October_Street,_Ain_Shams,_and_contact_me_via_email._====wilida157@gmail.com====Or_contact_me_from_within_the_private_agents._Every_shipment_is_mine_on_Raqeem_===..====01095807588=====عنوان_المنزل_4_شارع_حسن_عرابي_المرج_الخصوص_القاهره_==Please_contact_us_today_as_soon_as_possible_======================">Good morning. I am under a lot of stress. Please forgive me. I want my shipments to arrive at the following address in Egypt, Cairo, Ain Shams, 6th of October Street, Ain Shams, and contact me via email. ====wilida157@gmail.com====Or contact me from within the private agents. Every shipment is mine on Raqeem ===..====01095807588=====عنوان المنزل 4 شارع حسن عرابي المرج الخصوص القاهره ==Please contact us today as soon as possible ======================</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Technical_drawing&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Good morning. I am under a lot of stress. Please forgive me. I want my shipments to arrive at the following address in Egypt, Cairo, Ain Shams, 6th of October Street, Ain Shams, and contact me via email. ====wilida157@gmail.com====Or contact me from within the private agents. Every shipment is mine on Raqeem ===..====01095807588=====عنوان المنزل 4 شارع حسن عرابي المرج الخصوص القاهره ==Please contact us today as soon as possible ======================"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Methods">Methods</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Technical_drawing&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Methods"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Sketching">Sketching</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Technical_drawing&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Sketching"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Architekturskizze_Verwaltungsgeb%C3%A4ude_Biel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Architekturskizze_Verwaltungsgeb%C3%A4ude_Biel.jpg/220px-Architekturskizze_Verwaltungsgeb%C3%A4ude_Biel.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Architekturskizze_Verwaltungsgeb%C3%A4ude_Biel.jpg/330px-Architekturskizze_Verwaltungsgeb%C3%A4ude_Biel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Architekturskizze_Verwaltungsgeb%C3%A4ude_Biel.jpg/440px-Architekturskizze_Verwaltungsgeb%C3%A4ude_Biel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1008" data-file-height="608" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Sketch_(drawing)" title="Sketch (drawing)">Sketch</a> for a government building</figcaption></figure>
<p>A <a href="/wiki/Sketch_(drawing)" title="Sketch (drawing)">sketch</a> is a quickly executed, freehand drawing that is usually not intended as a finished work. In general, sketching is a quick way to record an idea for later use. Architect's sketches primarily serve as a way to try out different ideas and establish a composition before a more finished work, especially when the finished work is expensive and time-consuming.
</p><p>Architectural sketches, for example, are a kind of <a href="/wiki/Diagram" title="Diagram">diagrams</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-BoCo04_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BoCo04-1">[1]</a></sup> These sketches, like <a href="/wiki/Metaphor" title="Metaphor">metaphors</a>, are used by architects as a means of communication in aiding design collaboration. This tool helps architects to abstract attributes of hypothetical provisional design solutions and summarize their complex patterns, thereby enhancing the design process.<sup id="cite_ref-BoCo04_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BoCo04-1">[1]</a></sup>
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<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Manual_or_by_instrument">Manual or by instrument</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Technical_drawing&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Manual or by instrument"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Zeichenmaschine.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Zeichenmaschine.jpg/220px-Zeichenmaschine.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Zeichenmaschine.jpg/330px-Zeichenmaschine.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Zeichenmaschine.jpg/440px-Zeichenmaschine.jpg 2x" data-file-width="691" data-file-height="566" /></a><figcaption>A drafting table</figcaption></figure>
<figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Technical_drawing_instruments_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Technical_drawing_instruments_1.jpg/220px-Technical_drawing_instruments_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="283" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Technical_drawing_instruments_1.jpg/330px-Technical_drawing_instruments_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Technical_drawing_instruments_1.jpg/440px-Technical_drawing_instruments_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1954" data-file-height="2510" /></a><figcaption>Old-fashioned technical drawing instruments</figcaption></figure>
<figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stencils01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Stencils01.jpg/220px-Stencils01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Stencils01.jpg/330px-Stencils01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Stencils01.jpg/440px-Stencils01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="868" data-file-height="597" /></a><figcaption>Stencils for lettering technical drawings to DIN standards</figcaption></figure>
<p>The basic drafting procedure is to place a piece of paper (or other material) on a smooth surface with right-angle corners and straight sides—typically a <a href="/wiki/Drawing_board" title="Drawing board">drawing board</a>. A sliding <a href="/wiki/Straightedge" title="Straightedge">straightedge</a> known as a <a href="/wiki/T-square" title="T-square">T-square</a> is then placed on one of the sides, allowing it to be slid across the side of the table, and over the surface of the paper.
</p><p>"Parallel lines" can be drawn by moving the T-square and running a pencil or <a href="/wiki/Technical_pen" title="Technical pen">technical pen</a> along the T-square's edge. The T-square is used to hold other devices such as <a href="/wiki/Set_square" title="Set square">set squares</a> or triangles. In this case, the drafter places one or more triangles of known angles on the T-square — which is itself at right angles to the edge of the table — and can then draw lines at any chosen angle to others on the page. Modern drafting tables are equipped with a <a href="/wiki/Drafting_machine" title="Drafting machine">drafting machine</a> that is supported on both sides of the table to slide over a large piece of paper. Because it is secured on both sides, lines drawn along the edge are guaranteed to be parallel.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></sup>
</p><p>The drafter uses several <a href="/wiki/Technical_drawing_tools" class="mw-redirect" title="Technical drawing tools">technical drawing tools</a> to draw curves and circles. Primary among these are the <a href="/wiki/Compass_(drafting)" class="mw-redirect" title="Compass (drafting)">compasses</a>, used for drawing arcs and circles, and the <a href="/wiki/French_curve" title="French curve">French curve</a>, for drawing curves. A <a href="/wiki/Flat_spline" title="Flat spline">spline</a> is a rubber coated articulated metal that can be manually bent to most curves.
</p><p>Drafting templates assist the drafter with creating recurring objects in a drawing without having to reproduce the object from scratch every time. This is especially useful when using common symbols; i.e. in the context of <a href="/wiki/Stagecraft" title="Stagecraft">stagecraft</a>, a lighting designer will draw from the <a href="/wiki/USITT" class="mw-redirect" title="USITT">USITT</a> standard library of lighting fixture symbols to indicate the position of a common fixture across multiple positions. Templates are sold commercially by a number of vendors, usually customized to a specific task, but it is also not uncommon for a drafter to create his own templates.
</p><p>This basic drafting system requires an accurate table and constant attention to the positioning of the tools. A common error is to allow the triangles to push the top of the T-square down slightly, thereby throwing off all angles. Even tasks as simple as drawing two angled lines meeting at a point require a number of moves of the T-square and triangles, and in general, drafting can be a time-consuming process.
</p><p>A solution to these problems was the introduction of the mechanical "drafting machine", an application of the <a href="/wiki/Pantograph" title="Pantograph">pantograph</a> (sometimes referred to incorrectly as a "pentagraph" in these situations) which allowed the drafter to have an accurate right angle at any point on the page quickly. These machines often included the ability to change the angle, hence removing the need for the triangles.
</p><p>In addition to the mastery of the mechanics of drawing lines, arcs and circles (and text) onto a piece of paper—with respect to the detailing of physical objects—the drafting effort requires a thorough understanding of geometry, <a href="/wiki/Trigonometry" title="Trigonometry">trigonometry</a> and spatial comprehension, and in all cases demands precision and accuracy, and attention to detail of high order.
</p><p>Although drafting is sometimes accomplished by a project engineer, architect, or shop personnel (such as a <a href="/wiki/Machinist" title="Machinist">machinist</a>), skilled drafters (and/or designers) usually accomplish the task, and are always in demand to some degree.
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<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Computer_aided_design">Computer aided design</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Technical_drawing&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Computer aided design"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1033289096">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Computer-aided_design" title="Computer-aided design">Computer-aided design</a> and <a href="/wiki/Product_and_manufacturing_information" title="Product and manufacturing information">Product and manufacturing information</a></div>
<p>Today, the mechanics of the drafting task have largely been automated and accelerated through the use of <a href="/wiki/Computer-aided_design" title="Computer-aided design">computer-aided design</a> systems (CAD).
</p><p>There are two types of computer-aided design systems used for the production of technical drawings: <a href="/wiki/2D_computer_graphics" title="2D computer graphics">two dimensions</a> ("2D") and <a href="/wiki/3D_computer_graphics" title="3D computer graphics">three dimensions</a> ("3D").
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<figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Construction_drawing_autocad.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Construction_drawing_autocad.jpg/220px-Construction_drawing_autocad.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Construction_drawing_autocad.jpg/330px-Construction_drawing_autocad.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Construction_drawing_autocad.jpg/440px-Construction_drawing_autocad.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4252" data-file-height="3482" /></a><figcaption>An example of a drawing drafted in <a href="/wiki/AutoCAD" title="AutoCAD">AutoCAD</a></figcaption></figure>
<p>2D CAD systems such as <a href="/wiki/AutoCAD" title="AutoCAD">AutoCAD</a> or <a href="/wiki/MicroStation" title="MicroStation">MicroStation</a> replace the paper drawing discipline. The lines, circles, arcs, and curves are created within the software. It is down to the technical drawing skill of the user to produce the drawing. There is still much scope for error in the drawing when producing first and third angle <a href="/wiki/Orthographic_projection" title="Orthographic projection">orthographic projections</a>, auxiliary projections and <a href="/wiki/Multiview_orthographic_projection#Section" title="Multiview orthographic projection">cross-section views</a>. A 2D CAD system is merely an electronic drawing board. Its greatest strength over direct to paper technical drawing is in the making of revisions. Whereas in a conventional hand drawn technical drawing, if a mistake is found, or a modification is required, a new drawing must be made from scratch, the 2D CAD system allows a copy of the original to be modified, saving considerable time. 2D CAD systems can be used to create plans for large projects such as buildings and aircraft but provide no way to check the various components will fit together.
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<figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cad_crank.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Cad_crank.jpg/220px-Cad_crank.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="191" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Cad_crank.jpg/330px-Cad_crank.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Cad_crank.jpg/440px-Cad_crank.jpg 2x" data-file-width="460" data-file-height="400" /></a><figcaption>View of a CAD model of a four-<a href="/wiki/Cylinder_(engine)" title="Cylinder (engine)">cylinder</a> <a href="/wiki/Straight_engine" title="Straight engine">inline</a> <a href="/wiki/Crankshaft" title="Crankshaft">crankshaft</a> with <a href="/wiki/Piston" title="Piston">pistons</a></figcaption></figure>
<p>A 3D CAD system (such as <a href="/wiki/KeyCreator" title="KeyCreator">KeyCreator</a>, <a href="/wiki/Autodesk_Inventor" title="Autodesk Inventor">Autodesk Inventor</a>, or <a href="/wiki/SolidWorks" title="SolidWorks">SolidWorks</a>) first produces the geometry of the part; the technical drawing comes from user defined views of that geometry. Any orthographic, projected or sectioned view is created by the software. There is no scope for error in the production of these views. The main scope for error comes in setting the parameter of first or third angle projection and displaying the relevant symbol on the technical drawing. 3D CAD allows individual parts to be assembled together to represent the final product. Buildings, aircraft, ships, and cars are modelled, assembled, and checked in 3D before technical drawings are released for manufacture.
</p><p>Both 2D and 3D CAD systems can be used to produce technical drawings for any discipline. The various disciplines (electrical, electronic, pneumatic, hydraulic, etc.) have industry recognized symbols to represent common components.
</p><p><a href="/wiki/British_Standards" title="British Standards">BS</a> and <a href="/wiki/ISO" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO">ISO</a> produce standards to show recommended practices but it is up to individuals to produce the drawings to a standard. There is no definitive standard for layout or style. The only standard across engineering workshop drawings is in the creation of orthographic projections and cross-section views.
</p><p>In representing complex, three-dimensional objects in two-dimensional drawings, the objects can be described by at least one view plus material thickness note, 2, 3 or as many views and sections that are required to show all features of object.
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<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Applications">Applications</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Technical_drawing&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Applications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_computer-aided_manufacturing_software" title="List of computer-aided manufacturing software">List of computer-aided manufacturing software</a></div>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Architecture">Architecture</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Technical_drawing&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Architecture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Architect_Anthony_Murphy_working_on_a_kitchen_renovation_project_in_New_Jersey.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Architect_Anthony_Murphy_working_on_a_kitchen_renovation_project_in_New_Jersey.jpg/170px-Architect_Anthony_Murphy_working_on_a_kitchen_renovation_project_in_New_Jersey.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Architect_Anthony_Murphy_working_on_a_kitchen_renovation_project_in_New_Jersey.jpg/255px-Architect_Anthony_Murphy_working_on_a_kitchen_renovation_project_in_New_Jersey.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Architect_Anthony_Murphy_working_on_a_kitchen_renovation_project_in_New_Jersey.jpg/340px-Architect_Anthony_Murphy_working_on_a_kitchen_renovation_project_in_New_Jersey.jpg 2x" data-file-width="835" data-file-height="1083" /></a><figcaption>To plan a renovation, this architect takes measurements he will later enter into his <a href="/wiki/Computer-aided_design" title="Computer-aided design">computer-aided design</a> system.</figcaption></figure>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Architectural_drawing" title="Architectural drawing">Architectural drawing</a></div>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Building_information_modeling" title="Building information modeling">Building information modeling</a></div>
<p>The art and design that goes into making buildings is known as <a href="/wiki/Architecture" title="Architecture">architecture</a>. To communicate all aspects of the shape or design, detail drawings are used. In this field, the term <i><a href="/wiki/Plan_(drawing)" title="Plan (drawing)">plan</a></i> is often used when referring to the full section view of these drawings as viewed from three feet above finished floor to show the locations of doorways, windows, stairwells, etc.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a></sup> Architectural drawings describe and document an architect's design.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a></sup>
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<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Engineering">Engineering</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Technical_drawing&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Engineering"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Engineering_drawing" title="Engineering drawing">Engineering drawing</a></div>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Mechanical_engineering" title="Mechanical engineering">Mechanical engineering</a></div>
<p>Engineering can be a very broad term. It stems from the Latin <i>ingenerare</i>, meaning "to create".<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a></sup> Because this could apply to everything that humans create, it is given a narrower definition in the context of technical drawing. Engineering drawings generally deal with mechanical engineered items, such as manufactured parts and equipment.
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<figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:DIN_69893_hsk_63a_drawing.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/DIN_69893_hsk_63a_drawing.png/220px-DIN_69893_hsk_63a_drawing.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/DIN_69893_hsk_63a_drawing.png/330px-DIN_69893_hsk_63a_drawing.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/DIN_69893_hsk_63a_drawing.png/440px-DIN_69893_hsk_63a_drawing.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="424" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Engineering_drawing" title="Engineering drawing">Engineering drawing</a> of a <a href="/wiki/Machine_tool" title="Machine tool">machine tool</a> part</figcaption></figure>
<p>Engineering drawings are usually created in accordance with standardized conventions for layout, nomenclature, interpretation, appearance (such as <a href="/wiki/Typeface" title="Typeface">typefaces</a> and line styles), size, etc.
</p><p>Its purpose is to accurately and unambiguously capture all the geometric features of a product or a component. The end goal of an engineering drawing is to convey all the required information that will allow a manufacturer to produce that component.
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<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Software_engineering">Software engineering</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Technical_drawing&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Software engineering"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p><a href="/wiki/Software_engineering" title="Software engineering">Software engineering</a> practitioners make use of diagrams for designing software. Formal standards and <a href="/wiki/Modelling_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Modelling language">modelling languages</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Unified_Modelling_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Unified Modelling Language">Unified Modelling Language</a> (UML) exist but most diagramming happens using informal ad hoc diagrams that illustrate a <a href="/wiki/Conceptual_model" title="Conceptual model">conceptual model</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Baltes_530–541_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Baltes_530–541-6">[6]</a></sup>
</p><p>Practitioners reported that diagramming helped with analysing <a href="/wiki/Requirements_analysis" title="Requirements analysis">requirements</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Baltes_530–541_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Baltes_530–541-6">[6]</a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 539">: 539 </span></sup> design, <a href="/wiki/Refactoring" class="mw-redirect" title="Refactoring">refactoring</a>, documentation, <a href="/wiki/Onboarding" title="Onboarding">onboarding</a>, communication with stake holders.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-7">[7]</a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 560">: 560 </span></sup> Diagrams are often transient or redrawn as required. Redrawn diagrams can act as a form of shared understanding in a team.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-7">[7]</a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 561">: 561 </span></sup>
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<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Related_fields">Related fields</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Technical_drawing&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Related fields"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Technical_illustration">Technical illustration</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Technical_drawing&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Technical illustration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Drum_set.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Drum_set.svg/220px-Drum_set.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Drum_set.svg/330px-Drum_set.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Drum_set.svg/440px-Drum_set.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1140" data-file-height="860" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Technical_illustration" title="Technical illustration">Illustration</a> of a drum set</figcaption></figure>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Technical_illustration" title="Technical illustration">Technical illustration</a></div>
<p><i>Technical illustration</i> is the use of <a href="/wiki/Illustration" title="Illustration">illustration</a> to visually communicate information of a technical nature. Technical illustrations can be component technical drawings or <a href="/wiki/Diagram" title="Diagram">diagrams</a>. The aim of technical illustration is "to generate expressive <a href="/wiki/Image" title="Image">images</a> that effectively convey certain <a href="/wiki/Information" title="Information">information</a> via the visual channel to the human observer".<sup id="cite_ref-ViGr05_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ViGr05-8">[8]</a></sup>
</p><p>The main purpose of technical illustration is to describe or explain these items to a more or less nontechnical audience. The visual image should be accurate in terms of dimensions and proportions, and should provide "an overall impression of what an object is or does, to enhance the viewer's interest and understanding".<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a></sup>
</p><p>According to Viola (2005), "illustrative techniques are often designed in a way that even a person with no technical understanding clearly understands the piece of art. The use of varying line widths to emphasize mass, proximity, and scale helped to make a simple line drawing more understandable to the lay person. Cross hatching, stippling, and other low abstraction techniques gave greater depth and dimension to the subject matter".<sup id="cite_ref-ViGr05_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ViGr05-8">[8]</a></sup>
</p>
<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Cutaway_drawing">Cutaway drawing</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Technical_drawing&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Cutaway drawing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1942_Nash_Ambassador_X-ray.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/1942_Nash_Ambassador_X-ray.jpg/220px-1942_Nash_Ambassador_X-ray.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/1942_Nash_Ambassador_X-ray.jpg/330px-1942_Nash_Ambassador_X-ray.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/1942_Nash_Ambassador_X-ray.jpg/440px-1942_Nash_Ambassador_X-ray.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="900" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Cutaway_drawing" title="Cutaway drawing">Cutaway drawing</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Nash_600" title="Nash 600">Nash 600</a>, an American car of the 1940s</figcaption></figure>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Cutaway_drawing" title="Cutaway drawing">Cutaway drawing</a></div>
<p>A <i>cutaway drawing</i> is a technical illustration, in which part of the surface of a three-dimensional model is removed in order to show some of the model's interior in relation to its exterior.
</p><p>The purpose of a cutaway drawing is to "allow the viewer to have a look into an otherwise solid opaque object. Instead of letting the inner object shine through the surrounding surface, parts of outside object are simply removed. This produces a visual appearance as if someone had cutout a piece of the object or sliced it into parts. Cutaway illustrations avoid ambiguities with respect to spatial ordering, provide a sharp contrast between foreground and background objects, and facilitate a good understanding of spatial ordering".<sup id="cite_ref-DWE03_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DWE03-10">[10]</a></sup>
</p>
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<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Technical_drawings">Technical drawings</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Technical_drawing&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Technical drawings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Types">Types</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Technical_drawing&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Types"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>The two types of technical drawings are based on <a href="/wiki/Graphical_projection" class="mw-redirect" title="Graphical projection">graphical projection</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-g2000p3_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-g2000p3-11">[11]</a></sup> This is used to create an image of a three-dimensional object onto a two-dimensional surface.
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<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Two-dimensional_representation">Two-dimensional representation</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Technical_drawing&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Two-dimensional representation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4>
<p>Two-dimensional representation uses <a href="/wiki/Orthographic_projection" title="Orthographic projection">orthographic projection</a> to create an image where only two of the three dimensions of the object are seen.
</p>
<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Three-dimensional_representation">Three-dimensional representation</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Technical_drawing&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Three-dimensional representation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4>
<p>In a three-dimensional representation, also referred to as a pictorial, all three dimensions of an object are visible.
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Views">Views</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Technical_drawing&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Views"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Multiview">Multiview</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Technical_drawing&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Multiview"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Multiview_orthographic_projection" title="Multiview orthographic projection">Multiview orthographic projection</a></div>
<p>Multiview is a type of <a href="/wiki/Orthographic_projection" title="Orthographic projection">orthographic projection</a>. There are two conventions for using multiview, first-angle and third-angle. In both cases, the front or main side of the object is the same. First-angle is drawing the object sides based on where they land. Example, looking at the front side, rotate the object 90 degrees to the right. What is seen will be drawn to the right of the front side. Third-angle is drawing the object sides based on where they are. Example, looking at the front side, rotate the object 90 degrees to the right. What is seen is actually the left side of the object and will be drawn to the left of the front side.
</p>
<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Section">Section</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Technical_drawing&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Section"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4>
<p>While multiview relates to external surfaces of an object, <a href="/wiki/Cross_section_(geometry)" title="Cross section (geometry)">section</a> views show an imaginary plane cut through an object. This is often useful to show voids in an object.
</p>
<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Auxiliary">Auxiliary</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Technical_drawing&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Auxiliary"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4>
<p>Auxiliary views utilize an additional projection plane other than the common planes in a multiview. Since the features of an object need to show the true shape and size of the object, the projection plane must be parallel to the object surface. Therefore, any surface that is not in line with the three major axis needs its own projection plane to show the features correctly.
</p>
<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Pattern">Pattern</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Technical_drawing&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Pattern"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4>
<p>Patterns, sometimes called developments, show the size and shape of a flat piece of material needed for later bending or folding into a three-dimensional shape.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a></sup>
</p>
<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Exploded">Exploded</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Technical_drawing&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Exploded"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Exploded-view_drawing" title="Exploded-view drawing">Exploded-view drawing</a></div>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gear_pump_exploded.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Gear_pump_exploded.svg/220px-Gear_pump_exploded.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Gear_pump_exploded.svg/330px-Gear_pump_exploded.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Gear_pump_exploded.svg/440px-Gear_pump_exploded.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1009" data-file-height="738" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Exploded-view_drawing" title="Exploded-view drawing">Exploded-view drawing</a> of a <a href="/wiki/Gear_pump" title="Gear pump">gear pump</a></figcaption></figure>
<p>An <i>exploded-view drawing</i> is a technical drawing of an object that shows the relationship or order of <a href="/wiki/Manufacturing" title="Manufacturing">assembly</a> of the various parts.<sup id="cite_ref-US_PTO05_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-US_PTO05-13">[13]</a></sup> It shows the components of an object slightly separated by distance or suspended in surrounding space in the case of a three-<a href="/wiki/Dimension" title="Dimension">dimensional</a> exploded diagram. An object is represented as if there had been a small controlled <a href="/wiki/Explosion" title="Explosion">explosion</a> emanating from the middle of the object, causing the object's parts to be separated relative distances away from their original locations.
</p><p>An <a href="/wiki/Exploded-view_drawing" title="Exploded-view drawing">exploded view drawing</a> (EVD) can show the intended assembly of mechanical or other parts. In mechanical systems, the component closest to the center is usually assembled first or is the main part inside which the other parts are assembled. The EVD can also help to represent the disassembly of parts, where those on the outside are normally removed first.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a></sup>
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<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Standards_and_conventions">Standards and conventions</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Technical_drawing&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Standards and conventions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Basic_drafting_paper_sizes">Basic drafting paper sizes</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Technical_drawing&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Basic drafting paper sizes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Paper_size" title="Paper size">Paper size</a></div>
<p>There have been many standard sizes of <a href="/wiki/Paper" title="Paper">paper</a> at different times and in different countries, but today most of the world uses the international standard (A4 and its siblings). North America uses its own sizes.
</p>
<ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional">
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_size_illustration2_with_letter_and_legal.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="ISO "A series" paper sizes used in most countries of the world"><img alt="ISO "A series" paper sizes used in most countries of the world" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/A_size_illustration2_with_letter_and_legal.svg/88px-A_size_illustration2_with_letter_and_legal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="88" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/A_size_illustration2_with_letter_and_legal.svg/132px-A_size_illustration2_with_letter_and_legal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/A_size_illustration2_with_letter_and_legal.svg/176px-A_size_illustration2_with_letter_and_legal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="3449" data-file-height="4709" /></a></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext">ISO "A series" paper sizes used in most countries of the world</div>
</li>
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:ANSI_size_illustration.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="ANSI paper sizes used in North America"><img alt="ANSI paper sizes used in North America" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/ANSI_size_illustration.svg/96px-ANSI_size_illustration.svg.png" decoding="async" width="96" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/ANSI_size_illustration.svg/145px-ANSI_size_illustration.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/ANSI_size_illustration.svg/193px-ANSI_size_illustration.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="926" data-file-height="1151" /></a></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext">ANSI paper sizes used in North America</div>
</li>
</ul>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Patent_drawing">Patent drawing</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Technical_drawing&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Patent drawing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wright_brothers_patent_plans_1908.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Wright_brothers_patent_plans_1908.jpg/220px-Wright_brothers_patent_plans_1908.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Wright_brothers_patent_plans_1908.jpg/330px-Wright_brothers_patent_plans_1908.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Wright_brothers_patent_plans_1908.jpg/440px-Wright_brothers_patent_plans_1908.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3621" data-file-height="2981" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Wright_brothers" title="Wright brothers">Wright brothers</a>' <a href="/wiki/Patent_drawing" title="Patent drawing">patent drawings</a> for their aeroplane (1908)</figcaption></figure>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Patent_drawing" title="Patent drawing">Patent drawing</a></div>
<p>The applicant for a <a href="/wiki/Patent" title="Patent">patent</a> will be required by <a href="/wiki/Law" title="Law">law</a> to furnish a <a href="/wiki/Drawing" title="Drawing">drawing</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Invention" title="Invention">invention</a> if or when the nature of the case requires a drawing to understand the invention with the job. This drawing must be filed with the application. This includes practically all inventions except <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/composition" class="extiw" title="wikt:composition">compositions</a> of matter or <a href="/wiki/Industrial_process" class="mw-redirect" title="Industrial process">processes</a>, but a drawing may also be useful in the case of many processes.<sup id="cite_ref-US_PTO05_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-US_PTO05-13">[13]</a></sup>
</p><p>The drawing must show every feature of the invention <a href="/wiki/Specification" class="mw-redirect" title="Specification">specified</a> in the claims and is required by the <a href="/wiki/Patent_office" title="Patent office">patent office</a> rules to be in a particular form. The Office specifies the size of the sheet on which the drawing is made, the type of paper, the margins, and other details relating to the making of the drawing. The reason for specifying the standards in detail is that the drawings are printed and published in a uniform style when the patent issues and the drawings must also be such that they can be readily understood by persons using the patent descriptions.<sup id="cite_ref-US_PTO05_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-US_PTO05-13">[13]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Sets_of_technical_drawings">Sets of technical drawings</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Technical_drawing&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Sets of technical drawings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Working_drawings_for_production">Working drawings for production</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Technical_drawing&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Working drawings for production"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4>
<p><a href="/wiki/Working_drawing" class="mw-redirect" title="Working drawing">Working drawings</a> are the set of technical drawings used during the manufacturing phase of a product.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a></sup> In architecture, these include <a href="/wiki/Civil_drawing" title="Civil drawing">civil drawings</a>, <a href="/wiki/Architectural_drawing" title="Architectural drawing">architectural drawings</a>, <a href="/wiki/Structural_drawing" title="Structural drawing">structural drawings</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mechanical_systems_drawing" title="Mechanical systems drawing">mechanical systems drawings</a>, <a href="/wiki/Electrical_drawing" title="Electrical drawing">electrical drawings</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Plumbing_drawing" title="Plumbing drawing">plumbing drawings</a>.
</p>
<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Assembly_drawings">Assembly drawings</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Technical_drawing&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Assembly drawings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4>
<p>Assembly drawings show how different parts go together, identify those parts by number, and have a parts list, often referred to as a bill of materials.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a></sup> In a technical service manual, this type of drawing may be referred to as an <a href="/wiki/Exploded_view_drawing" class="mw-redirect" title="Exploded view drawing">exploded view drawing</a> or diagram.
These parts may be used in engineering.
</p>
<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="As-fitted_drawings">As-fitted drawings</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Technical_drawing&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: As-fitted drawings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4>
<p>Also called <i>As-Built drawings</i> or <i>As-made drawings</i>. <b>As-fitted drawings</b> represent a record of the completed works, literally 'as fitted'. These are based upon the <i>working drawings</i> and updated to reflect any changes or alterations undertaken during construction or manufacture.<sup id="cite_ref-BusinessDictionary.com_2017_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BusinessDictionary.com_2017-17">[17]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Technical_drawing&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
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<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Circuit_diagram" title="Circuit diagram">Circuit diagram</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Linear_scale" title="Linear scale">Linear scale</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Reprography" title="Reprography">Reprography</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Schematic_diagram" class="mw-redirect" title="Schematic diagram">Schematic diagram</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Shop_drawing" title="Shop drawing">Shop drawing</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Technical_communication" title="Technical communication">Technical communication</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Technical_geography" title="Technical geography">Technical geography</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Technical_lettering" title="Technical lettering">Technical lettering</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Specification_(technical_standard)" title="Specification (technical standard)">Specification (technical standard)</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Geometric_drawing" title="Geometric drawing">Geometric drawing</a></li></ul>
</div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Technical_drawing&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1217336898">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist">
<div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-BoCo04-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BoCo04_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BoCo04_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Richard Boland and Fred Collopy (2004). <i>Managing as designing</i>. Stanford University Press, 2004. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1215172403">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a{background-size:contain}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a{background-size:contain}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a{background-size:contain}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#2C882D;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911F}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{color:#f8a397}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{color:#f8a397}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911F}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8047-4674-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-8047-4674-5">0-8047-4674-5</a>, p.69.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFBhatt" class="citation book cs1">Bhatt, N.D. <i>Machine Drawing</i>. Charotar Publication.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Machine+Drawing&rft.pub=Charotar+Publication&rft.aulast=Bhatt&rft.aufirst=N.D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATechnical+drawing" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jefferis, Alan; Madsen, David (2005), Architectural Drafting and Design (5th ed.), Clifton Park, NY: Delmar Cengage Learning, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4018-6715-4" title="Special:BookSources/1-4018-6715-4">1-4018-6715-4</a></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Goetsch et al. (2000) p. 792</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lieu, Dennis K; Sorby, Sheryl (2009), <i>Visualization, Modeling, and Graphics for Engineering Design</i> (1st ed.), Clifton Park, NY: Delmar Cengage Learning, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4018-4249-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4018-4249-9">978-1-4018-4249-9</a>, pp. 1–2</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Baltes_530–541-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Baltes_530–541_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Baltes_530–541_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFBaltesDiehl2014" class="citation book cs1">Baltes, Sebastian; Diehl, Stephan (11 November 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1145/2635868.2635891">"Sketches and diagrams in practice"</a>. <i>Proceedings of the 22nd ACM SIGSOFT International Symposium on Foundations of Software Engineering</i>. FSE 2014. Hong Kong, China: Association for Computing Machinery. pp. 530–541. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1706.09172">1706.09172</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1145%2F2635868.2635891">10.1145/2635868.2635891</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4503-3056-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4503-3056-5"><bdi>978-1-4503-3056-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:2436333">2436333</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Sketches+and+diagrams+in+practice&rft.btitle=Proceedings+of+the+22nd+ACM+SIGSOFT+International+Symposium+on+Foundations+of+Software+Engineering&rft.place=Hong+Kong%2C+China&rft.series=FSE+2014&rft.pages=530-541&rft.pub=Association+for+Computing+Machinery&rft.date=2014-11-11&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F1706.09172&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A2436333%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1145%2F2635868.2635891&rft.isbn=978-1-4503-3056-5&rft.aulast=Baltes&rft.aufirst=Sebastian&rft.au=Diehl%2C+Stephan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1145%2F2635868.2635891&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATechnical+drawing" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-:0-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFCherubiniVenoliaDeLineKo2007" class="citation cs2">Cherubini, Mauro; Venolia, Gina; DeLine, Rob; Ko, Amy J. (29 April 2007), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1145/1240624.1240714">"Let's go to the whiteboard: How and why software developers use drawings"</a>, <i>Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems</i>, New York, NY, US: Association for Computing Machinery, pp. 557–566, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1145%2F1240624.1240714">10.1145/1240624.1240714</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59593-593-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59593-593-9"><bdi>978-1-59593-593-9</bdi></a>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:6604218">6604218</a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 September</span> 2021</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+SIGCHI+Conference+on+Human+Factors+in+Computing+Systems&rft.atitle=Let%27s+go+to+the+whiteboard%3A+How+and+why+software+developers+use+drawings&rft.pages=557-566&rft.date=2007-04-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A6604218%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1145%2F1240624.1240714&rft.isbn=978-1-59593-593-9&rft.aulast=Cherubini&rft.aufirst=Mauro&rft.au=Venolia%2C+Gina&rft.au=DeLine%2C+Rob&rft.au=Ko%2C+Amy+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1145%2F1240624.1240714&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATechnical+drawing" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-ViGr05-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ViGr05_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ViGr05_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Ivan Viola and Meister E. Gröller (2005). "Smart Visibility in Visualization". In: <i>Computational Aesthetics in Graphics, Visualization and Imaging</i>. L. Neumann et al. (Ed.)</span>
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<li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090814125052/http://www.industriegrafik.com/TIE1.htm">"The Role of the Technical Illustrator in Industry"</a>. <i>industriegrafik.com</i>. 15 June 2002. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.industriegrafik.com/TIE1.htm">the original</a> on 14 August 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 February</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=industriegrafik.com&rft.atitle=The+Role+of+the+Technical+Illustrator+in+Industry&rft.date=2002-06-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.industriegrafik.com%2FTIE1.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATechnical+drawing" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-DWE03-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-DWE03_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFDiepstratenWeiskopfErtl2003" class="citation web cs1">Diepstraten, J.; Weiskopf, D.; Ertl, T. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051216005911/http://www.vis.uni-stuttgart.de/~weiskopf/publications/eg2003.pdf">"Interactive Cutaway Illustrations"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>vis.uni-stuttgart.de</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vis.uni-stuttgart.de/~weiskopf/publications/eg2003.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 16 December 2005.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=vis.uni-stuttgart.de&rft.atitle=Interactive+Cutaway+Illustrations&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Diepstraten&rft.aufirst=J.&rft.au=Weiskopf%2C+D.&rft.au=Ertl%2C+T.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vis.uni-stuttgart.de%2F~weiskopf%2Fpublications%2Feg2003.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATechnical+drawing" class="Z3988"></span> in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFBrunetFellner" class="citation journal cs1">Brunet, P.; Fellner, D. (eds.). "Eurographics 2003". <i>Eurographics</i>. <b>22</b> (3). The Eurographics Association and Blackwell Publishers.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Eurographics&rft.atitle=Eurographics+2003&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATechnical+drawing" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-g2000p3-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-g2000p3_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="error mw-ext-cite-error" lang="en" dir="ltr">Cite error: The named reference <code>g2000p3</code> was invoked but never defined (see the <a href="/wiki/Help:Cite_errors/Cite_error_references_no_text" title="Help:Cite errors/Cite error references no text">help page</a>).</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Goetsch et al. (2000), p. 341</span>
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<li id="cite_note-US_PTO05-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-US_PTO05_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-US_PTO05_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-US_PTO05_13-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090130105045/http://www.uspto.gov/web/offices/pac/doc/general/#drawing">"General Information Concerning Patents § 1.84 Standards for drawings"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/United_States_Patent_and_Trademark_Office" title="United States Patent and Trademark Office">USPTO.gov</a></i>. January 2005. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uspto.gov/web/offices/pac/doc/general/#drawing">the original</a> on 30 January 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 February</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=USPTO.gov&rft.atitle=General+Information+Concerning+Patents+%C2%A7+1.84+Standards+for+drawings&rft.date=2005-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.uspto.gov%2Fweb%2Foffices%2Fpac%2Fdoc%2Fgeneral%2F%23drawing&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATechnical+drawing" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Michael E. Brumbach, Jeffrey A. Clade (2003). <i>Industrial Maintenance</i>. Cengage Learning, 2003 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7668-2695-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-7668-2695-3">0-7668-2695-3</a>, p.65</span>
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<li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ralph W. Liebing (1999). <i>Architectural working drawings</i>. John Wiley and Sons, 1999. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-471-34876-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-471-34876-7">0-471-34876-7</a>.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Goetsch et al. (2000), p. 613</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-BusinessDictionary.com_2017-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BusinessDictionary.com_2017_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171203090423/http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/as-built-drawings.html">"as-built drawings"</a>. <i>BusinessDictionary.com</i>. 26 December 2017. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/as-built-drawings.html">the original</a> on 3 December 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 January</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BusinessDictionary.com&rft.atitle=as-built+drawings&rft.date=2017-12-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.businessdictionary.com%2Fdefinition%2Fas-built-drawings.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATechnical+drawing" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
</ol></div></div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Further_reading">Further reading</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Technical_drawing&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peter_J._Booker" class="mw-redirect" title="Peter J. Booker">Peter J. Booker</a> (1963). <i>A History of Engineering Drawing</i>. London: Northgate.</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Maria_Feldhaus" title="Franz Maria Feldhaus">Franz Maria Feldhaus</a> (1963). <i>The History of Technical Drawing</i></li>
<li>Wolfgang Lefèvre ed. (2004). <i>Picturing Machines 1400–1700: How technical drawings shaped early engineering practice.</i> MIT Press, 2004. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-262-12269-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-262-12269-3">0-262-12269-3</a></li></ul>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Technical_drawing&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
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<div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div>
<div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Technical_drawing" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Technical drawing">Technical drawing</a></span>.</div></div>
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<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history.nasa.gov/diagrams/diagrams.htm">Historical technical diagrams and drawings</a> on NASA.gov</li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cadazz.com/cad-software-history.htm">A history of CAD</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090918100307/http://www.cadazz.com/cad-software-history.htm">Archived</a> 18 September 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.draftsperson.net/index.php?title=Category:Drafting_Standards">Drafting Standards</a></li></ul>
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.navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Visualization_of_technical_information" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1063604349">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Visualization" title="Template:Visualization"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Visualization" title="Template talk:Visualization"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Visualization" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Visualization"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Visualization_of_technical_information" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Visualization_(graphics)" title="Visualization (graphics)">Visualization</a> of technical information</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fields</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biological_data_visualization" title="Biological data visualization">Biological data visualization</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_imaging" title="Chemical imaging">Chemical imaging</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Crime_mapping" title="Crime mapping">Crime mapping</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Data_visualization" class="mw-redirect" title="Data visualization">Data visualization</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Visualization_(graphics)" title="Visualization (graphics)">Educational visualization</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Flow_visualization" title="Flow visualization">Flow visualization</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Geovisualization" title="Geovisualization">Geovisualization</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Information_visualization" class="mw-redirect" title="Information visualization">Information visualization</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mathematical_diagram" title="Mathematical diagram">Mathematical visualization</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Medical_imaging" title="Medical imaging">Medical imaging</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Molecular_graphics" title="Molecular graphics">Molecular graphics</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Visualization_(graphics)" title="Visualization (graphics)">Product visualization</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_visualization" title="Scientific visualization">Scientific visualization</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Social_visualization" title="Social visualization">Social visualization</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Software_visualization" title="Software visualization">Software visualization</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Technical drawing</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/User_interface_design" title="User interface design">User interface design</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Visual_culture" title="Visual culture">Visual culture</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Volume_rendering" title="Volume rendering">Volume visualization</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Image <br />types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chart" title="Chart">Chart</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Diagram" title="Diagram">Diagram</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Engineering_drawing" title="Engineering drawing">Engineering drawing</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Graph_of_a_function" title="Graph of a function">Graph of a function</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ideogram" title="Ideogram">Ideogram</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Map" title="Map">Map</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Photograph" title="Photograph">Photograph</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pictogram" title="Pictogram">Pictogram</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Plot_(graphics)" title="Plot (graphics)">Plot</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sankey_diagram" title="Sankey diagram">Sankey diagram</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Schematic" title="Schematic">Schematic</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Skeletal_formula" title="Skeletal formula">Skeletal formula</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Statistical_graphics" title="Statistical graphics">Statistical graphics</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Table_(information)" title="Table (information)">Table</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Technical drawings</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Technical_illustration" title="Technical illustration">Technical illustration</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pre-19th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edmond_Halley" title="Edmond Halley">Edmond Halley</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Charles-Ren%C3%A9_de_Fourcroy" title="Charles-René de Fourcroy">Charles-René de Fourcroy</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Priestley" title="Joseph Priestley">Joseph Priestley</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Gaspard_Monge" title="Gaspard Monge">Gaspard Monge</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">19th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Dupin" title="Charles Dupin">Charles Dupin</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Adolphe_Quetelet" title="Adolphe Quetelet">Adolphe Quetelet</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9-Michel_Guerry" title="André-Michel Guerry">André-Michel Guerry</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/William_Playfair" title="William Playfair">William Playfair</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/August_Kekul%C3%A9" title="August Kekulé">August Kekulé</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Joseph_Minard" title="Charles Joseph Minard">Charles Joseph Minard</a></li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Luigi_Perozzo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Luigi Perozzo (page does not exist)">Luigi Perozzo</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Amasa_Walker" title="Francis Amasa Walker">Francis Amasa Walker</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/John_Venn" title="John Venn">John Venn</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Byrne_(mathematician)" title="Oliver Byrne (mathematician)">Oliver Byrne</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Henry_Phineas_Riall_Sankey" title="Matthew Henry Phineas Riall Sankey">Matthew Sankey</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Booth_(social_reformer)" title="Charles Booth (social reformer)">Charles Booth</a></li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Georg_von_Mayr&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Georg von Mayr (page does not exist)">Georg von Mayr</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/John_Snow" title="John Snow">John Snow</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Florence_Nightingale" title="Florence Nightingale">Florence Nightingale</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Wilhelm_Pohlke" title="Karl Wilhelm Pohlke">Karl Wilhelm Pohlke</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Toussaint_Loua" title="Toussaint Loua">Toussaint Loua</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Galton" title="Francis Galton">Francis Galton</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Early 20th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Walter_Maunder" title="Edward Walter Maunder">Edward Walter Maunder</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Neurath" title="Otto Neurath">Otto Neurath</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/W._E._B._Du_Bois" title="W. E. B. Du Bois">W. E. B. Du Bois</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Gantt" title="Henry Gantt">Henry Gantt</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Lyon_Bowley" title="Arthur Lyon Bowley">Arthur Lyon Bowley</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Howard_G._Funkhouser" title="Howard G. Funkhouser">Howard G. Funkhouser</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/John_B._Peddle" title="John B. Peddle">John B. Peddle</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ejnar_Hertzsprung" title="Ejnar Hertzsprung">Ejnar Hertzsprung</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Norris_Russell" title="Henry Norris Russell">Henry Norris Russell</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Max_O._Lorenz" title="Max O. Lorenz">Max O. Lorenz</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Fritz_Kahn" title="Fritz Kahn">Fritz Kahn</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Beck" title="Harry Beck">Harry Beck</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Erwin_Raisz" title="Erwin Raisz">Erwin Raisz</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mid 20th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Bertin" title="Jacques Bertin">Jacques Bertin</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Modley" title="Rudolf Modley">Rudolf Modley</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_H._Robinson" title="Arthur H. Robinson">Arthur H. Robinson</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/John_Tukey" title="John Tukey">John Tukey</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Eleanor_Spear" title="Mary Eleanor Spear">Mary Eleanor Spear</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Edgar_Anderson" title="Edgar Anderson">Edgar Anderson</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Howard_T._Fisher" title="Howard T. Fisher">Howard T. Fisher</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Late 20th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Borden_Dent" title="Borden Dent">Borden Dent</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Nigel_Holmes" title="Nigel Holmes">Nigel Holmes</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/William_S._Cleveland" title="William S. Cleveland">William S. Cleveland</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/George_G._Robertson" title="George G. Robertson">George G. Robertson</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Bruce_H._McCormick" title="Bruce H. McCormick">Bruce H. McCormick</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_Plaisant" title="Catherine Plaisant">Catherine Plaisant</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Stuart_Card" title="Stuart Card">Stuart Card</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pat_Hanrahan" title="Pat Hanrahan">Pat Hanrahan</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Tufte" title="Edward Tufte">Edward Tufte</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ben_Shneiderman" title="Ben Shneiderman">Ben Shneiderman</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Friendly" title="Michael Friendly">Michael Friendly</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Wainer" title="Howard Wainer">Howard Wainer</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Clifford_A._Pickover" title="Clifford A. Pickover">Clifford A. Pickover</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_J._Rosenblum" title="Lawrence J. Rosenblum">Lawrence J. Rosenblum</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_A._DeFanti" title="Thomas A. DeFanti">Thomas A. DeFanti</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/George_Furnas" title="George Furnas">George Furnas</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sheelagh_Carpendale" title="Sheelagh Carpendale">Sheelagh Carpendale</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cynthia_Brewer" title="Cynthia Brewer">Cynthia Brewer</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Miriah_Meyer" title="Miriah Meyer">Miriah Meyer</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Jock_D._Mackinlay" title="Jock D. Mackinlay">Jock D. Mackinlay</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Alan_MacEachren" title="Alan MacEachren">Alan MacEachren</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/David_Goodsell" title="David Goodsell">David Goodsell</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kwan-Liu_Ma" title="Kwan-Liu Ma">Kwan-Liu Ma</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Maltz" class="mw-redirect" title="Michael Maltz">Michael Maltz</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Leland_Wilkinson" title="Leland Wilkinson">Leland Wilkinson</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Inselberg" title="Alfred Inselberg">Alfred Inselberg</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Early 21st century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ben_Fry" title="Ben Fry">Ben Fry</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Rosling" title="Hans Rosling">Hans Rosling</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_R._Johnson" title="Christopher R. Johnson">Christopher R. Johnson</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/David_McCandless" title="David McCandless">David McCandless</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mauro_Martino" title="Mauro Martino">Mauro Martino</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/John_Maeda" title="John Maeda">John Maeda</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Tamara_Munzner" title="Tamara Munzner">Tamara Munzner</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_Heer" title="Jeffrey Heer">Jeffrey Heer</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Gordon_Kindlmann" title="Gordon Kindlmann">Gordon Kindlmann</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hanspeter_Pfister" title="Hanspeter Pfister">Hanspeter Pfister</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Lima" title="Manuel Lima">Manuel Lima</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Aaron_Koblin" title="Aaron Koblin">Aaron Koblin</a></li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Martin_Krzywinski&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Martin Krzywinski (page does not exist)">Martin Krzywinski</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Bang_Wong" title="Bang Wong">Bang Wong</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Jessica_Hullman" title="Jessica Hullman">Jessica Hullman</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hadley_Wickham" title="Hadley Wickham">Hadley Wickham</a></li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polo_Chau&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Polo Chau (page does not exist)">Polo Chau</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Fernanda_Vi%C3%A9gas" title="Fernanda Viégas">Fernanda Viégas</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Martin_M._Wattenberg" title="Martin M. Wattenberg">Martin Wattenberg</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Claudio_Silva_(computer_scientist)" title="Claudio Silva (computer scientist)">Claudio Silva</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ade_Olufeko" class="mw-redirect" title="Ade Olufeko">Ade Olufeko</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Moritz_Stefaner" title="Moritz Stefaner">Moritz Stefaner</a></li></ul>
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<ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Dessin industriels"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb131626751">France</a></span></span></li>
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<li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007545753705171">Israel</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Engineering drawings"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85043213">United States</a></span></span></li>
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